高中英语语法讲解：虚拟语气

虚拟语气是高中英语语法的难点之一。现将高考中经常出现的类型归纳如下：

一、在if条件从句中的用法

1. 与现在事实相反：if条件从句谓语用动词过去式（be的过去式常用were），主句谓语用“should / would / could / might + 动词原形”。

2. 与过去事实相反：if条件从句谓语用“had +过去分词”，主句谓语用“should / would / could / might + have +过去分词”。

3. 与将来可能事实相反：if条件从句谓语用动词过去式或“should / were to +动词原形”，主句谓语用“should / would / could / might +动词原形”。

【考例】

1. Sorry, I am too busy now. If I _____ time, I would certainly go for an outing with you. (湖南2012)

A. have had B. had had

C. have D. had

2. If we _____ adequate preparations, the conference wouldn’t have been so successful. (山东2012)

A. haven’t made B. wouldn’t make

C. didn’t make D. hadn’t made

3. Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she _____ there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often. (安徽2012)

A. lives B. would live

C. has lived D. were to live

[Key: 1-3 DDD]

二、特殊用法

1. 省略if的虚拟条件句：虚拟条件从句可以不用连词if，而将谓语中的were, had或should等移至主语前，但否定词not不可随之提前。

【考例】Had they known what was coming next, they _____ second thoughts. (浙江2012)

A. may have B. could have

C. must have had D. might have had

【分析】选D。由Had they known可知，虚拟条件从句中省略了if，将had提前。从句与过去事实相反，所以主句谓语用“should / would / could / might + have +过去分词”。

2. 含蓄条件句：句中没有明显的条件从句，常用without, but for, otherwise等词引出暗含的条件，有时条件暗含在上下文中。

【考例】

① We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we _____ more places of interest yesterday. (福建2012)

A. visited B. had visited

C. would visit D. would have visited

② I _____ through that bitter period without your generous help. (陕西2011)

A. couldn’t have gone B. didn’t go

C. wouldn’t go D. hadn’t gone

③ We _____ the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me? (北京2012)

A. should face B. might face

C. could have faced D. must have faced

[Key: ①-③ DAC]

3. 虚拟语气在定语从句中的运用

在It’s (high) time that ... 句式中，that从句的谓语常用动词过去式，意为“（现在）该……了”。

【考例】Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he _____ something instead of just talking. (辽宁2012)

A. will do B. has done

C. do D. did

[Key: D]

4. 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用

① wish后的宾语从句：表示与现在事实相反，从句中谓语用动词过去式；表示与过去事实相反，从句中谓语用过去完成时；表示将来的情况，从句中谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”。

② would rather后的宾语从句：若从句谓语动作尚未发生则用过去时，已经发生则用过去完成时。

③ 在表示建议、命令、要求等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语用“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。

【考例】

① —Where are the children? The dinner’s going to be completely ruined.

—I wish they _____ always late. (北京2011)

A. weren’t B. hadn’t been

C. wouldn’t be D. wouldn’t have been

② George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he _____ more on its culture. (江苏2010)

A. focus B. focused

C. would focus D. had focused

③ Teachers recommend parents _____ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. (福建2010)

A. not allow B. do not allow

C. mustn’t allow D. couldn’t allow

[Key: ①-③ ABA]

5. 虚拟语气在as if / though引导的从句中的运用

as if / though从句所表达的内容是事实或可能是事实时，用陈述语气。如果从句所表达的内容是假设或与实际情况相反，则用虚拟语气：表示现在情况谓语用过去式；表示过去情况谓语用过去完成时。

【考例】Don’t handle the vase as if it _____ made of steel. (北京2012)

A. is B. were

C. has been D. had been

[Key: B]

6. 错综时间条件句：如果主句和从句的动作发生的时间不一致，就要看清主句和从句中的时间状语或隐含的时间，从而采用正确的谓语形式。